Biography of Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Jr.

The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. (Jan. 15, 1929–April 4, 1968) was the charismatic leader of the U.S. civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He directed the year-long Montgomery bus boycott, which attracted scrutiny by a wary, divided nation, but his leadership and the resultant Supreme Court ruling against bus segregation brought him fame. He formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to coordinate nonviolent protests and delivered over than 2,500 speeches addressing racial injustice, but his life was cut short by an assassin in 1968. Fast Facts: The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Known For: Leader of the U.S. civil rights movementAlso Known As: Michael Lewis King Jr.Born: Jan. 15, 1929 in Atlanta, GeorgiaParents: Michael King Sr., Alberta WilliamsDied: April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TennesseeEducation: Crozer Theological Seminary, Boston UniversityPublished Works: Stride Toward Freedom, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?Awards and Honors: Nobel Peace PrizeSpouse: Coretta ScottChildren: Yolanda, Martin, Dexter, BerniceNotable Quote: I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. Early Life Martin Luther King Jr. was born Jan. 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to Michael King Sr., pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, and Alberta Williams, a Spelman College graduate and former schoolteacher. King lived with his parents, a sister, and a brother in the Victorian home of his maternal grandparents. Martin—named Michael Lewis until he was 5—thrived in a middle-class family, playing football and baseball, delivering newspapers, and doing odd jobs. Their father was involved in the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and had led a successful campaign for equal wages for white and black Atlanta teachers. When Martins grandfather died in 1931, Martins father became pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church, serving for 44 years. After attending the World Baptist Alliance in Berlin in 1934, King Sr. changed his and his sons name from Michael King to Martin Luther King, after the Protestant reformist. King Sr. was inspired by Martin Luthers courage of confronting institutionalized evil. College King entered Morehouse College at 15. He was uncertain about following in the footsteps of the familys clergymen, questioning religions relevance in addressing segregation and poverty among his people. King rebelled against a life of service to God, playing pool, drinking beer, and underachieving his first two years at Morehouse. King studied sociology and considered law school while reading voraciously. He was fascinated by Henry David Thoreaus essay On Civil Disobedience and its idea of noncooperation with an unjust system. King decided that social activism was his calling and religion the best means to that end. He was ordained as a minister in February 1948, the year he graduated with a sociology degree at age 19. Seminary In September 1948, King entered the predominately white Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania. He read works by great theologians but despaired that no philosophy was complete within itself. Then, hearing a lecture about Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, he became captivated by his concept of passive resistance. King concluded that the Christian doctrine of love, operating through nonviolence, could be a powerful weapon for his people. In 1951, King graduated at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Divinity degree. In September of that year, he enrolled in doctoral studies at Boston Universitys School of Theology. Marriage While in Boston, King met Coretta Scott, a singer studying voice at the New England Conservatory of Music. Coretta hesitated about dating a minister but was persuaded when King said she had all the qualities he desired in a wife. The couple married on June 18, 1953. Kings father performed the ceremony at Corettas family home in Marion, Alabama. They returned to Boston to complete their degrees. King was invited to preach in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, which had a history of civil rights activism. The pastor was retiring. King captivated the congregation and became the pastor in April 1954. Coretta was committed to her husbands work but was conflicted about her role. King wanted her to stay home with their four children: Yolanda, Martin, Dexter, and Bernice. Montgomery Bus Boycott When King arrived in Montgomery to join the Dexter Avenue church, Rosa Parks, secretary of the local NAACP chapter, had been arrested for refusing to relinquish her bus seat to a white man. Parks Dec. 1, 1955, arrest presented the perfect opportunity to make a case for desegregating the transit system. E.D. Nixon, former head of the local NAACP chapter, and the Rev. Ralph Abernathy, a close friend of King, contacted King and other clergymen to plan a citywide bus boycott. The group drafted demands and stipulated that no African-American would ride the buses on Dec 5. That day, nearly 20,000 black citizens refused bus rides. Because blacks comprised 90 percent of the passengers, most buses were empty. When the boycott ended 381 days later, Montgomerys transit system was nearly bankrupt. Then on Dec. 20, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that enforcing segregation on public transit was unconstitutional. Buoyed by success, the movements leaders met in January 1957 in Atlanta and formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to coordinate nonviolent protests through black churches. King was elected president and held the post until his death. In early 1958, Kings first book, Stride Toward Freedom, was published. While signing books in Harlem, New York, King was stabbed by a mentally ill black woman. As he recovered, he visited Indias Gandhi Peace Foundation in February 1959 to refine his protest strategies. Birmingham In April 1963, King and the SCLC joined Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) in a nonviolent campaign to end segregation and force Birmingham, Alabama, businesses to hire blacks. Fire hoses and vicious dogs were unleashed on the protesters by â€Å"Bull† Connors policemen. King was thrown into jail, where he wrote Letter From a Birmingham Jail, affirming his peaceful philosophy. The brutal images galvanized the nation. Money poured in to support the protesters; white sympathizers joined demonstrations. By summer, thousands of public facilities nationwide were integrated, and companies began to hire blacks. The resulting political climate pushed passage of civil rights legislation. On June 11, 1963, President John F. Kennedy drafted the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson after Kennedys assassination. March on Washington Then came the March on Washington, D.C.,  on Aug. 28, 1963. Nearly 250,000 Americans listened to speeches by civil rights activists, but most had come for King. The Kennedy administration, fearing violence, edited a speech by John Lewis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and invited white organizations to participate, causing some blacks to denigrate the event. Malcolm X labeled it the â€Å"farce in Washington. Crowds far exceeded expectations. Speaker after speaker addressed them. The heat grew oppressive, but then King stood up. His speech started slowly, but King stopped reading from notes, either by inspiration or gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouting, â€Å"Tell em about the dream, Martin!† He had had a dream, he declared, â€Å"that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.† It was the most memorable speech of his life. Nobel Prize King, now known worldwide, was designated Time magazines â€Å"Man of the Year† in 1963. He won the Nobel Peace Prize the following year, donating his $54,123 prize to advancing civil rights. Not everyone was thrilled by Kings success. Since the bus boycott, King had been under scrutiny by FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. Hoping to prove King was under communist influence, Hoover filed a request with Attorney General Robert Kennedy to put him under surveillance, including break-ins at homes and offices and wiretaps. Poverty In the summer of 1964, Kings nonviolent concept was challenged by deadly riots in the North. King believed their origins were segregation and poverty and shifted his focus to poverty, but he couldnt garner support. He organized a campaign against poverty in 1966 and moved his family into Chicagos black ghetto, but he found that strategies successful in the south didnt work in Chicago. Blacks turned from Kings peaceful course to the radical concepts of Malcolm X. King refused to yield, addressing what he considered the harmful philosophy of Black Power in his last book, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? King sought to clarify the link between poverty and discrimination and to address Americas increased involvement in Vietnam, which he considered unjustifiable and discriminatory toward the poor. Kings last major effort, the Poor Peoples Campaign, was organized with other civil rights groups to bring impoverished people to live in tent camps on the National Mall starting April 29, 1968. Last Days Earlier that spring, King had gone to Memphis, Tennessee, to join a march supporting a strike by black sanitation workers. After the march began, riots broke out; 60 people were injured and one person was killed, ending the march. On April 3, King gave what became his last speech. He wanted a long life, he said, and had been warned of danger in Memphis but said death didnt matter because hed been to the mountaintop and seen the promised land. On April 4, 1968, King stepped onto the balcony of Memphis Lorraine Motel. A rifle bullet tore into his face. He died at St. Josephs Hospital less than an hour later. Kings death brought widespread grief to a violence-weary nation. Riots exploded across the country. Legacy Kings body was brought home to Atlanta to lie at Ebenezer Baptist Church, where he had co-pastored with his father for many years. At Kings April 9, 1968, funeral, great words honored the slain leader, but the most apropos eulogy was delivered by King himself, via a recording of his last sermon at Ebenezer: If any of you are around when I meet my day, I dont want a long funeral...Id like someone to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others...And I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity. King had achieved much in the short span of 11 years. With accumulated travel topping 6 million miles, King could have gone to the moon and back 13 times. Instead, he traveled the world, making over 2,500 speeches, writing five books, leading eight major nonviolent efforts for social change, and being arrested over 20 times. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan created a national holiday to celebrate the man who did so much for the United States. Sources Abernathy, Ralph David. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography. Paperback, Unabridged edition, Chicago Review Press, April 1, 2010. Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-63. America in the King Years, Reprint edition, Simon Schuster, November 15, 1989. Garrow, David. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Paperback, Reprint edition, William Morrow Paperbacks, January 6, 2004. ï » ¿Hansen, Drew. Mahalia Jackson and Kings Improvisation.† The New York Times, Aug. 27, 2013. McGrew, Jannell. â€Å"The Montgomery Bus Boycott: They Changed the World. X, Malcolm. The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Alex Haley. Alex Haley, Attallah Shabazz, Paperback, Reissue edition, Ballantine Books, November 1992.

His 105 Assignment 2 - 1361 Words

Industrialization after the Civil War John E. Brown Strayer University HIS 105- Contemporary U. S. History Professor Anthony McCormack November 9, 2014 Industrialization after the Civil War When the Civil War was declared over, the United States became a better nation because of the Constitutional Amendments that were passed outlawing slavery and giving the government as well as the state the ability to serve and protect everyone. This paper will also show major aspects of industrialization and its effects that it had on the U.S. economy. The three (3) major aspects of industrialization between 1865-1920 that influenced the economy was (1) Urbanization, Industrialization and urbanization went hand in hand. By the†¦show more content†¦Race relations deteriorated, and the little black voting that did exist was quickly done away with. In the 1880s, very few African American were allowed to vote in the upper South and in other parts of the South, but black office holders and voting majorities vanished, because the KKK were a very intimidating group of White supremacist who’s main objective was to put fear in the African American by burning crosses i n their yards and sometimes bombing their homes. I remember when I was growing up in the 60s and 70s in the south, and just listening to some of the older brothers that work in the cotton mill (textile mill) brag about how much money they were making per hour. Some of them were making 9.50 an hour; some were making 11.00 per hour. When I think back on those times, now I see why they always wore nice clothes and nice shoes, and had a fast car. I say that to say this, growing up in a family of 10 in the Deep South was not as bad for me as it was for my parents, however, they taught me how to take what you have and make it work for you and your family. 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This location was very important for the sparking of the revolution because the railroad , which was one of the causes of industrialization, was built here. The Historical Catalysts of Industrial Revolution: †¢ The Embargo Act and the War of 1812: In the early 1800s, the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France challenged the neutrality of the United States. Britain and France created trade restrictions which was not only peaking others’ economies but

Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing for Progress

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibility and Marketing for Progress. Answer: Marketing and Corporate Social Responsibility- A brief idea Marketing is the management and action of strategies and business actions used by organizations to promote and sell their products and services in the market. It studies the exchange relationships that the businesses share with their customers and includes tools like market research and advertising to reach to the people (Elliot, Thiele Waller, 2014). In Business management, Marketing is considered the most important component and it plays the primary role for the sustenance, progress and success of any business organization. Corporate Social Responsibilities, often abbreviated as CSR refer to the initiatives taken by companies to examine and take proper care of the companys effects on both social and environmental aspects. It is the companies commitment to be ethical in achieving their aims. The companies ensure that the practices and profits are not met at the cost of causing ill effects on the well-being of people and the environment. The responsibilities that the companies take do not incur profits to them at the preliminary stage and instead promote positive changes in both the society and the environment. Analysis of the CSR initiatives of Coca Cola Coca Cola Company is one of the leading beverage industries functioning all around the globe. Being one of the most recognised industry; the company performs certain responsibilities towards the society and the environment. The company is known to educate and empower its employees. It has been recognized as one of the leading companies fetching huge economic empowerment to women. By the year 2020, the company strives to achieve an economic empowerment of about 5 million women (Coca-cola.com, 2018). The company renders labour rights to the workers and provides the best possible working conditions to them. Being socially responsible and considering health safety, Coca Cola has been introducing products that contain low or zero calorie. Due to high consumption of water, which is an environmental concern, the company has promised to balance its usage of the natural resources (Coca-cola.com, 2018). It has adopted measures to reduce its energy consumption in North America and targets to increase energy efficiency in the developed countries. Service vans run by hybrid-electricity and carbon footprint reduction are some of the initiatives taken by the company. Coca Cola has also been targeting to develop plastic bottles that would be partially made from plants. Recommendations for Coca Cola to improve their activities Coca Cola is famous for the marketing strategies it uses and works on basis of well- ascribed business ethics. All the CSR activities and programs of the company are highly successful. However, the soft drinks are gradually losing demand in the market because of the carbonated soda and caffeine used in production of the drinks that is unhealthy for the body. Considering the health conscious attitude of people, the company must focus on the production of health drinks. Packaging of products is done in plastic bottles and cans that are harmful to the environment. The company must adopt alternatives to prevent such negative impacts on the nature. References: Coca-cola.com. (2018).Coca-Cola Global. [online] Available at: https://www.coca-cola.com/global/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. Elliot, G., Rundle-Thiele, S., Waller, D. (2014). Marketing. Milton, Australia: John Wiley Sons.

Why Marijuana Should Be Legal free essay sample

As you can see, misconceptions on marijuana are plentiful and reformation is necessary. First and foremost, the classification marijuana is under is completely inaccurate. Schedule I classification describes a drug with no medical use and not safe to use under medical supervision. Research has been shown that it aids cancer patients and plenty of other terminally ill patients. Even recreational use has never been directly linked to any deaths (from the smoking, in itself) and when you compare it to alcohol and cigarettes, both of which are legal, it’s completely harmless. Imagine this: One day, you found out your mother was very sick. She was suffering and in an incredible amount of pain. Your doctor told you there was a drug that could stop her pain, but for political reasons, he couldn’t prescribe it. This drug is marijuana. Another reason for the legalization is because prohibition has never been reliably shown to reduce drug use. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Marijuana Should Be Legal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If prohibition accomplished anything, it created an underground black market, created a new drug ring, and wasted valuable time for law enforcement. There is also the effect prohibition has on whether or not a person will even try it. When something’s illegal, it creates something called the â€Å"forbidden fruit effect†, provoking people to try it. Another unintended effect of prohibition is that it destroys all possible ways to regulate the substance since its illegal. It’s easier for high schools student to illegally obtain marijuana from drug dealers than it is for high school students to illegally get their hands on alcohol, because alcohol is regulated. Sadly, our current agenda for unlawful users is to put them in jail (not get them help) and to use programs like DARE to spread lies about it in our schools. Proper education and treatment are much better ways to address the problem. My last main focus on marijuana is the price of keeping it illegal. Every year, federal, state, and local governments participate in â€Å"The War on Drugs†, spending billions to imprison peaceful people who enjoy smoking marijuana. These people get put in prison, letting taxpayers pay for their food, housing, health insurance, court costs, etc. As a nation, we could save billions by letting people smoke marijuana without fear for arrest. If it were to become completely legal, the government could even tax it and make money off of it. With all of this saved money, perhaps we could even implement better drug education courses for our schools. Unfortunately, to this day it remains a pit for taxpayers money. As you can see, there are plenty of reasons why marijuana should be legal, and even more reasons as to why it shouldn’t be illegal. I mean sure, if the government really wants to continue putting innocent people in jail, bankrupting ourselves in the process, in a futile attempt to eliminate drug use (alcohol prohibition proved this), then we’re doing the right thing. But if as a nation, we want to move forward and continue to allow ourselves the God-given right of liberty, then the decriminalization of marijuana should be our next step.