Leni Riefenstahls Triumph of the Will

Film/Cinema, in the context of movies and documentaries, is a modern visual art form that has had intense impact on our daily life for humanity has profoundly been affected by what it sees and hears via film or the motion picture experience. It utilizes the concept of simple story telling via a mesmerizing technical medium and its ability to influence is rooted in the utilization of images/impressions and imagery. Cinema has a social as well artistic function.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the demand for imaginative entertainment is at an all time high, interest in the realities of the world is also on the rise. Documentaries address this interest because they are comprised of real people, world events, places, and social conditions – documenting history, reality. British film maker, John Grierson first coined the ter m in 1926. Prior to 1926, such films were referred to as â€Å"actuality† films and came on the scene at the turn of the 20th century as well. Like American director, D.W. Griffith’s film The Birth of a Nation/The Clansman (1915), German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will (1934) was considered masterful/innovative and ground-breaking for documentary filmmaking at that time. Triumph garnered her the accolade as one of the greatest female filmmakers of all time but most infamous. Chronicling the Nazi Party Congress held in Nuremberg (1934), Triumph of the Will (1935) catapulted the documentary as mode of propaganda designed to specifically argue a point and influence public opinion. â€Å"Documentary cinema is intimately tied to historical memory. Not only does it seek to reconstruct historical narrative, but it often functions as an historical document itself. Moreover, the connection between the rhetoric of documentary film and historical truth p ushes the documentary into overtly political alignments which influence its audience (1993Rabinowitw).† Triumph of the Will lionized Germany as a recurring superpower with Hitler at the helm as the authentic leader/savoir. This fundamental thematic message can be found in opening prologue – â€Å"20 years after the outbreak of the World War, 16 years after the beginning of German suffering, 19 months after the beginning of the German renaissance, Adolf Hitler flew again to Nuremberg to review the columns of his faithful followers (Triumph).† The opening scene further substantiates the message with an aerial view of Hitler’s plane flying through the majestic clouds and over various parts of Germany. He finally arrives in Nuremberg greeted by ecstatic supporters. The consequence of war is a people spiritually, mentally, and physically downtrodden and inept. Riefenstahl’s revolutionary use of cinematography (telephoto lenses, aerial photography, moving cameras, etc.) and music (German composer, Richard Wagner) epitomizes this escalating German Renaissance which has freed the German people from such a plight. It explains their fanaticism with Hitler.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Throughout the documentary German militaristic power, political religion, unity, and pride are highlighted. With these four elements as an integral force, one cannot ascertain a distinction between the German people, the state, and the Nazi Party. Riefenstahl vehemently denied the film served as a propaganda tool for the Nazi Party but rather was an historical film told through an aesthetic lens. Many critics purport differently. Just as Birth of a Nation reeked of racist negative/stereotypical portrayal of African- Americans and shaped the America’s public’s attitude/image about race, Triumph contributed to heightened negative perceptions of European Jewry and anti-Semitism. Hitler’s conquest for German purity emanates from his speeches as well those of his featured compatriots – Goring, Goebbels, etc. Could Riefenstahl have been that naà ¯ve and blind to Hitler’s maniacal plans that lay ahead? Objectivity has meaning but in reality it is greatly influenced by the filmmaker’s point of view via perceptions, emotions, etc. thereby determining the extent they can be biased or slant their point of view. Suffice to say, Triumph of the Will authenticated that film has the ability to influence as well as alter how people perceive themselves, aspects of their society/culture as well as other peoples and their culture. Work Cited Rabinowitz, Paula. â€Å"Wreckage upon Wreckage: History, Documentary and the Ruins of Memory.† History and Theory, Vol. 32, No. 2. (May, 1993), pp. 119-137.  Triumph of the Will (Video). Web. This essay on Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will was written and submitted by user Kyle Hart to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Paul Cronan Case Analysis

Introduction: The Paul Cronan case deals with an employee of New England Telephone Company (NET) of Boston who developed AIDS, lost his employment, and subsequently brought a lawsuit against the company. He charged that â€Å"†¦NET had discriminated against him based on a handicap, AIDS; had violated his right to privacy; and had coerced him not to return to work†.1 Legal Issues: There are two main legal issues in the Paul Cronan case: a) the employee’s reasonable expectation of privacy and b) is the disease, AIDS, covered by anti-discrimination laws and, if so, did NET discriminate against the employee? The laws involved in this case are The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) under the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the individual state’s privacy laws. Legal Analysis: Every employee has a certain right to privacy under the law. Certain information about the employee must be kept confidential by the employer unless the employee gives special permission for what and to whom the information is released. Paul Cronan informed his immediate supervisor and the company physician about his condition and denied permission for anyone else to be notified. The supervisor told three of his supervisors and the information gradually leaked out to all of the employees. This general knowledge led to an environment of fear and hostility toward Mr. Cronan related to his disease and also to his sexual orientation. During the year he was off work, he heard of graffiti and generalized hostile conversation about his lifestyle and his disease. When he was ready to return to work, he wanted assurances from his supervisor that he would not be physically harmed upon his return. The supervisor did not respond to these inquiries. Even though Mr. Cronan did receive a letter fr om NET offering to return him to his previous position and make â€Å"reasonable accommodation† to his situation, Mr. Cronan was convinced that the letter was just a cover for poten... Free Essays on Paul Cronan Case Analysis Free Essays on Paul Cronan Case Analysis Introduction: The Paul Cronan case deals with an employee of New England Telephone Company (NET) of Boston who developed AIDS, lost his employment, and subsequently brought a lawsuit against the company. He charged that â€Å"†¦NET had discriminated against him based on a handicap, AIDS; had violated his right to privacy; and had coerced him not to return to work†.1 Legal Issues: There are two main legal issues in the Paul Cronan case: a) the employee’s reasonable expectation of privacy and b) is the disease, AIDS, covered by anti-discrimination laws and, if so, did NET discriminate against the employee? The laws involved in this case are The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) under the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the individual state’s privacy laws. Legal Analysis: Every employee has a certain right to privacy under the law. Certain information about the employee must be kept confidential by the employer unless the employee gives special permission for what and to whom the information is released. Paul Cronan informed his immediate supervisor and the company physician about his condition and denied permission for anyone else to be notified. The supervisor told three of his supervisors and the information gradually leaked out to all of the employees. This general knowledge led to an environment of fear and hostility toward Mr. Cronan related to his disease and also to his sexual orientation. During the year he was off work, he heard of graffiti and generalized hostile conversation about his lifestyle and his disease. When he was ready to return to work, he wanted assurances from his supervisor that he would not be physically harmed upon his return. The supervisor did not respond to these inquiries. Even though Mr. Cronan did receive a letter fr om NET offering to return him to his previous position and make â€Å"reasonable accommodation† to his situation, Mr. Cronan was convinced that the letter was just a cover for poten...

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning a comparison of strategies Essay

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning a comparison of strategies employed by Nivea in the UK and in Thailand now and potential direction for the future - Essay Example Nivea has the ability to appeal to a wide range of consumers. Nivea marketers use market 'Segmentation Strategy' to communicate with consumers. Advertising and promotional activities target consumers' perceived needs. According to Superbrand(2006): "In the UK, four million people use a Nivea Skincare product everyday". Nivea users comprise about 6.8% of UK population. Mintel (2006) argued that the "Potential Consumers" of Nivea products comprise approximately 8% of the population. Mintel (2006) indicated that Nivea is likely to concentrate its marketing on large cities. This target population has a high potential to be loyal buyers of Nivea Skincare products and would most probably buy Nivea products over other products. For example, the major city of London has a population of seven million people and is measured to have 12.2% penetration of the Nivea brand. Nivea marketers target marketing communication generally focuses on women who purchase skincare products for themselves and their families. This target market segment would most probably be readers of advertisements and internet users. In addition, women who are loyal Nivea users would be more willing to try new products under the Nivea brand. Since Nivea launched several innovative new products they have recategorized some of its products. The nourishing, tanning and firming products have been moved into the new and rapidly growing gradual tanning segment. This coincided with the launch of "Nivea Body Sunkissed Skin", a daily moisturizer that helps firms the skin. (Superbrand, 2006) According to IRI sources (2006) "the fastest-growing segment is body care with an annual increase of 29%, mainly attributable to the new gradual tanning segment. Their interest is in the target market that consists of consumers who sun-bathe and those who enjoy adventure sports. It is believed that this target market segment is interested in trying new products related to sunbathing and adventure sports. Age Group & Gender Beiersdorf annual review (2005) indicated that Nivea skincare product users ranged in age between 18-35 years of age. This is about 12 million people in the UK. In 2006 Nivea launched a new sunscreen in the UK. The product advertising states that it provides "immediate protection for children in spray and lotion formulations, forming part of the new Nivea sunscreen for children SPF 50+" (Superbrand, 2006). Nivea has expanded significantly and provides products for younger consumers. They believe that by the time the consumers are over 30 years of age they have become a part of their premium brand consumer market. This transition takes place because this market segment has grown up believing that the Nivea premium brands will help keep their skin young and healthy looking. This market segment looks for products that will help their skin look and feel younger for a longer period of time. This group never stops looking for the best quality products suitable for their age and skin types. (Mintel, 2006) Most male consumers become loyal customers because they are not likely to change their products as often as women do. Income Group Resources indicate that Nivea consumers earn an income from 10K to 35 per month which rates on 'Starting and Basic' of taxable brands. In comparison to other skincare products marketed on the same shelf,

The impact of VAC Therapy on management of sternal wound infections Literature review

The impact of VAC Therapy on management of sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery - Literature review Example The impact of VAC Therapy on management of sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery Sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery is a serious problem resulting in increased patient morbidity; mortality and duration of hospital stay (Luckraz et al 2003). The incidence of this infection has been variably reported as 0.5 to 5% and the resultant mortality as 10 to 25% (Sjogren et al 2006; Schimer et al 2008). Conventionally, many management techniques have been recommended to treat this complication like surgical debridement with open dressings, closed irrigation of the infected wound, or reconstruction with vascularised omental or pectoral muscle flaps (Domkowski et al 2003). Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy is one of the newer modalities to treat this complication (Evans & Land 1997) which has been widely adopted. Application of negative pressure was successfully used for treating chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers (Eneroth &Â  van Houtum 2008; Ubbink et al 2008). After it was found successful in achieving faster healing in these wounds, use of this therapy has been extended for the management of sternal wound infections as well (Luckraz et al 2003; Domkowski et al 2003; Hersh et al 2003; Sjogren et al 2006). However, i t hasn’t been proven yet with good evidence that its efficacy is more than the conventional treatment. Thus, the main objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of vacuum assisted closure therapy in the management of wound infection after cardiac surgery. ... Also, it allows re-examination of the wound and bedside debridement, as and when required. To apply negative pressure, wound area is packed with special dressing (polyurethane sponge/foam or polyvinyl alcohol foam) and covered with a transparent tape which seals the wound. A drain tube passes through this tube which is connected to a vacuum tube which sucks out the fluid through this drain tube. Negative pressure applied is in the range of -75 to -125 mm Hg (MAS 2006). Conventionally, medical (antibiotics) and various surgical modalities have been used in the treatment of deep sternal wound infections (DSWI) (Singh, Anderson & Harper 2011). Surgical management options include closed suction antibiotic irrigation system, omental flap reconstruction, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi or rectus abdominis muscle advancement or rotation flap, and microsurgical free flap. Early wound exploration is combined with any of these techniques. Regimen of sternal fixation with sternal plating sys tem is also getting popular (Singh, Anderson & Harper 2011). Traditional methods of wound care involve regular cleaning and dressing of the wound different kinds of dressing materials from simple gauzes to chemical impregnated gauzes as per the type of the wound. However, VAC therapy is being projected as one solution for multiple wound types. Search strategy A manual search was conducted for the journals, books and other data related to the subject. Internet was also accessed for searching for journal articles pertaining to the subject. CINAHL database via the EBSCO host platform was utilized to perform a literature search because it is the most wide-ranging nursing database and is easy to search. MEDLINE and COCHRANE database

Management Info Systems Class Discussion wk7 Essay

Management Info Systems Class Discussion wk7 - Essay Example The service-oriented application implements the endpoints of a fine-grained web service. It is easier to talk about the various types of web applications based on their use. For example, social networking websites entails; Face book, Xanga. Internet search engines may involve Google, hot mail, and yahoo. Web services facilitate the access to internet resources. Primary services of the internet include e-mail, tenets, and mailing lists (Bidgoli, 2002). Web 2.0 is the constant development of internet expertise and interface. It is a model that center of attention is towards transforming the web into a catalog through social networks and other online resources. Internet2 provides grounds for testing networking setting where learning institutions such as universities and government laboratories team up and build up highly developed Internet technologies such as digital libraries, and essential laboratories (Aharony, 2009). The Internet2 community at present is comprised of more than four million individuals and with more than three hundred member organizations. While the technology is growing, so is the need for better and advanced quicker Internet connections. The manner in which content is presented via the web has also changed drastically over the years. Capabilities to bold and produce wording in diverse colors on a web page ten years ago was something to admire but today database-driven websites, animations, online gaming and streaming, e-commerce and are standards. The primary function of all web applications is to ease the achievement of one or more tasks (Adar, Zhang, Adamic & Lukose, 2004). The two most useful internet services are the e-mail and the mailing lists. They create the grounds for Sharing of information, Research methodology and rare sources and documents, and Findings advice. Emails are useful in that they are cost efficient, increases speed of information transferability

Examining Theories On Deviance And Deviant Behavior Criminology Essay

Examining Theories On Deviance And Deviant Behavior Criminology Essay The conditions under which deviant behavior exists have presented an enduring question for researchers. Within the literature the majority of definitions of deviance share one commonality: that social norms and values subjectively label behaviors as deviant. Similar to the number of theories of deviance there exist a number of motivations why individuals choose to engage in deviant behavior. Existing theories-general strain, anomie, labeling, control, and learning-examine these factors and attempt to clarify the hows and whys of deviant behavior. The most common factors which facilitate individual deviance include personal strain, social disorganization, a lack of self-control, and the perception that the benefits for engaging in deviance outweighing the potential costs. Because of these variations there is currently no universally-accepted theory of deviance. Introduction An urgent question in contemporary social sciences is how and why certain behaviors, attributes, or classes of individuals come to be defined as deviant.  [1]  Since social groups make the rules, deviant behavior results from individuals who fail to adhere to said rules. When behaviors are defined as deviant it is assumed that they will either promote or inhibit individual motivation to engage in such acts and will evoke certain social responses which serve to influence subsequent behavior by those within said society.  [2]  A number of theorists attempt to identify a commonality to the different types of deviant behavior. The underlying theme is that this type of behavior offends societys normative order and deviance becomes a theoretical construct of this consensus. There exist a number of theories which seek to define how individuals and their behavior are identified as deviant. Definitions of and Motivations for Deviant Behavior Despite a wide variety of definitions of deviance there is consensus that deviance refers to behaviors or attributes manifested by specified kinds of people in specified circumstances that are judged to violate the normative expectations of a specified group.  [3]  This consensus perspective serves to promote collective agreement as to what core values, norms, and goals should be. Behavior that falls outside of the specified parameters are deemed deviant. The degree of deviance is directly correlated to the perceived serious of the punitive response it elicits. Many questions abound as to individual motivations to engage in deviant behavior. Fundamentally, if one anticipates that satisfaction will ensue from engaging in the behavior then he will do so. Hirschi (1969) asserts that the motivation for deviance is always present and that research should examine the circumstances which permit individuals to act on these motivations.  [4]  In another view, Merton (1938) argues that societal strain increases motivation for deviance in order to achieve certain unattainable culturally-sanctioned goals.  [5]  Where the majority of individuals will embrace conformity as a response to strain others resort to deviance. Similarly, Tittles (1995) control balance theory assumes that individuals have a strong need to exercise control over themselves and to escape having control exerted over them by others while Katz (1988) argues that the motivation to deviance occurs to protect ones self esteem, encourage a desired reputation, establish autonomy, [ or] demonstrate competence, for example.  [6]   These theories all share the presumption that deviance is motivated by the need to adapt to psychological distress which results from the failure to achieve desired goals through conventional means. Accordingly, when pushes, or psychological impulses which compel an individual to engage in deviant behavior, and pulls, or the attraction of deviant opportunities, interact then motivation for deviance increases.  [7]  Deviance results from individuals motive to engage in deviant behavior being stronger than the motive not to amidst the existence of the opportunity to do so. Theoretical Foundations There are two primary types of theories to explain deviance: structural and processual. Structural theories are labeled sociological theories while processual ones are termed social psychological theories due to the differences in goals and scope.  [8]  Structural theories emphasize the relationship of deviant behavior to particular structural conditions within society and attempt to explain why deviance is higher in certain areas, such as those with lower socioeconomic status.  [9]  On the other hand, processual theories seek to describe the processes by which people engage in deviant behavior by attempting to explain the conditions which lead to the commission of deviant acts.  [10]  With respect to scope, structural theories address the epidemiology, or distribution in time and space of deviance and processual theories focus upon the etiology, or specific causes, of deviance.  [11]   Specific Theories of Deviance General Strain Theory (GST) GST addresses the interrelatedness of strain and its emotional response, individual coping mechanisms, and deviance.  [12]  As a theory it focuses not upon strain itself but upon individual responses to strain and seeks to identify those characteristics which enable non-deviant responses amid strain. Sharp, Brewster Love (2005) argue that certain types of strain create certain actions which influence delinquent behaviors. Anger, for example is an emotional response which has a high likelihood of encouraging deviant behavior. Therefore, where there is a strain-particularly one perceived as unfair-low social control creates pressure which, in turn, causes deviant behavior.  [13]  Research indicates that gender is a strong predictor of strain-induced deviance with males more overt in their responses than females who tend to internalize strain. GST has been used considerably in the study of juvenile deviance. Repeated exposure to stressful life experiences has been found to both escalate and accelerate juvenile delinquency and depending upon when during ones life-course trajectory the strain occurs different implications ensue. The literature suggests that involvement in delinquency begins to increase during early adolescence, peaking around age 16 and 17, and followed by a decline in such behavior.  [14]  Agnew (1997, 2006) claims that this life-course trajectory highlights that adolescence is a period of high transitions, that adolescents perceive their environment as negative more so than adults, and that there is an increased propensity for juveniles to react to adversity through deviant behavior.  [15]  The lack of useful coping mechanisms in juveniles makes it difficult to react to strain more effectively. Anomie Theory According to anomie theory-much like GST-deviance results from social disorganization in that elements in society promote deviant behavior by making such behavior a feasible adjustment to society. Where the earliest form of this theory hypothesized that anomie results from a failure to achieve positively-valued goals Agnew (2001) expanded upon this theory by including that anomie can also result when positive stimuli are removed and when negative stimuli are applied.  [16]  One criticism of anomie theory is that it assumes universality in what should be defined as deviant and how most individuals should behave; however, in reality, deviance is a relative concept so this universality is erroneous.  [17]   Labeling Theory Labeling theory presents an interactionist perspective to the study of deviant behavior by stressing the importance of the processes through which society labels a particular act as deviant and the subsequent negative social sanctions which influence the individual to engage in further deviance.  [18]  Becker (1973) claims that deviance is a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender.  [19]  Therefore, while the act or the person may not be inherently deviant, existing social controls create deviance by defining acts that the majority believes to be so and, consequently, labeling individuals who engage in such acts as deviant. This creates a self-fulfilling prophecy by amplifying the very phenomenon that it is intended to suppress.  [20]  Of primary importance is that subsequent events serve to reinforce the deviance because an individual internalizes the label attached to him by societys stigmatizing and creates secondary, or tertiary, deviance. The labeling itself serves to ensure that every society has a percentage of deviants which is critical to maintain the majority consensus.  [21]   Control Theory Control theory is similar to anomie and social disorganization theories to the degree that deviance results from the lack of social controls on individual restraint to engage in deviant behavior.  [22]  Durkheim (1933) asked why people conform to social norms instead of why they engage in deviant behavior. Under this theory it is assumed that everyone would engage in deviant behavior if given the chance, that a small amount of social controls will increase deviance, and that there exists a central value system which defines deviance in society.  [23]  There are four components of an individuals societal bond which serve to prevent deviance: attachment to specific groups through affection, respect, and socialization; commitment to accepting conforming behavior; involvement in non-delinquent behavior; and a belief in the dominant value system of any particular group.  [24]  When social bonds are reestablished or strengthened then the deviant behavior ceases. Accordingly, individuals who engage in deviant behavior do so due to low self-control. Under this theory low self-control is comprised of six personality traits: anger, impulsivity, preference for simple tasks, risk-seeking, being more physical than mental, and being self-centered.  [25]  Gottfredson Hirschis (1990) self-control theory asserts that inadequate child-rearing results in lowered self-control which facilitates a predisposition to engage in deviant behavior.  [26]  They also claim that individuals who engage in one type of deviant act will commit other deviant acts. Learning or Socialization Theory These theories suggest that deviance is a learned behavior similar to how non-deviant individuals learn conforming behavior. By attempting to distinguish variations in behaviors theorists assume that differences in rates of deviance among various groups can be determined. One of the most widely-cited learning theories is Sutherlands (1947) differential association theory which postulates that deviant behavior results from normative conflicts in neighborhood structures, peer group relationships, and the organization of family in society.  [27]  The fundamental tenets of Sutherlands theory are that criminal behavior is learned, that learning is a result of personal interaction, that primary learning occurs in intimate group settings, that people learn that socially-normative attitudes are either favorable or not, that deviant behavior results when conditions favorable to deviance exceed those unfavorable to violating the law, and that deviant behavior cannot be explained by general needs and values.  [28]  Accordingly, an individual learns various motives which are favorable to engaging in deviant behaviors as well as rationalizations and techniques for achieving them. While the behavior may be defined as deviant to the rest of society, within a particular individuals in-group the behavior may adhere to the groups norms. Akers (1985, 1989) expanded upon Sutherlands work by adding that deviance results when a person learns definitions that portray some conduct as a desirable, even though deviant, action.  [29]  If an individual is rewarded for a deviant act by his in-group then he becomes socialized to continue the behavior under the expectation of similar positive experiences for subsequent acts. Other Theories Deterrence theory asks whether the expectation of certain, severe, and swift punishment for engaging in deviant behavior would deter such behavior.  [30]  Rational choice theory addresses an individuals anticipated cost-benefit ratio of acting on deviant impulses. A greater expected or perceived benefit increases the likelihood that the individual will commit the act. Finally, conflict theory asserts that the development of formal social controls and laws are legitimized by the more powerful societal groups.  [31]   Conclusion The wide variation of social psychological theories of deviant behavior seeks to answer why individuals become motivated to engage in deviant behavior, how behaviors and attitudes are defined as deviant, what factors facilitate deviant behavior, why some deviant behavior is escalated, and what consequences exist.  [32]  Despite the number and variety of theories of deviance the commonality is that this concept is a socially-defined construct utilized to maintain a societys normative values. The disparities in definitions of deviance among societies make it difficult to establish an all-encompassing theory to explain the existence of deviant behavior in contemporary society.

Why Marijuana Remain Ilegal Essay -- Drugs, Legalization

â€Å"I felt so great after using this, I want to try this again† said Sam after using a drug name marijuana. He is an 18 years old football athlete who is about to graduate from high school. He was a smart boy who everyone sees the bright future for him. After a year Sam became a regular marijuana user and then marijuana took control over his life and he became mentally and physically sick. He couldn’t play for the football team anymore because he was physically unable to do it and then after a while he stopped going to college. Now there is no future for him or for his family. This story and many other similar stories about users of marijuana and its effects on their life are the reasons why marijuana should be illegal. Not only marijuana but any other drugs that are dangerous and harmful for people and society should be illegal. By definition, Marijuana is â€Å"green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant.†(1) Marijuana has been very useful throughout history, for example â€Å"in 6000 B.C. cannabis seeds were used as food in china; in 4000 B.C. the Chinese used textiles made of hemp; in 2727 China used cannabis as medicine and in 1500 B.C. the Chinese cultivate Cannabis for food and fiber†(6). But unfortunately people today made this useful plant very dangerous by using it in a wrong way. Marijuana is very common and most used illegal drug in the United States. Marijuana’s scientific name is Cannabis but there are more different terms for marijuana that you can hear from different people such as weed, pot, grass, Mary Jane, or chronic. Marijuana has 400 dangerous and harmful chemicals but the main one is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). People these days are using marijuana by smoking or... ...bling, it’s legal in some states in the United States but people are still doing it illegally. And also some believe by legalization of marijuana the number of crime in the society would decrease but it is not true because it would increase the crime, the society still have problem with alcohol that causes rape, robbery, reckless driving, and murder. They don’t want to face more problems by legalizing the marijuana. And the other argument was about legalizing marijuana because for the medical use. Some people from long time ago until now believed the chemicals that are in the drug can be useful for treating illnesses. But also there are some arguments and researches that show that these believe are not scientifically true. Because of these arguments and researches shows that marijuana is a dangerous drug and it can be harmful for society so it should not be legal.

Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

The importance of communication in all professions is often under-estimated. In the criminal justice field there is no excuse for misconception and one mistake could affect multiple parties. This paper will outline the barriers in effective communication, how they affect the criminal justice field and more importantly how to overcome such barriers. We will explore the process of communication, it’s components, informal and formal forms of communication and then the difference between listening and hearing. Communication Process  Communication often times involves two people; a sender and a receiver. With law enforcement this can involve interpersonal communication between a citizen and an officer or between a detective and an officer; or it can be group communication in which parties of three of more are involved in communicating amongst each other. The communication process involves five of the following steps: Transmitting an idea, sending the idea through a medium, the receiver acquiring the message and decoding it, Understanding the message through decoding and then the last step providing feedback to the sender. However many parties are present, communication exists of three main components: Verbal, Paraverbal and nonverbal messages. (Wallace, 2009) With the use of the communication process and the following three components we can clearly begin to understand the message of the sender. Verbal communication is the act of speaking or writing and the select word choice we use to get a message to the receiver. The general message one intends to get across such as a simple order from a higher level officer will reach the receiver and they begin to decode the message. Depending on the word choice, it can either lead to misconception or be fully understood for its intentions. For example the sender may say something equivalent to â€Å"Did you not read the crime report this morning? † and the sender may decode this as the officer saying he failed to do his job simply due to the use of the word not. Now this may have been what the officer was saying but maybe it was not, perhaps he was saying it in a joking matter, that’s why we must look into more components. Paraverbal communication is the choice of words we choose mixed with the way in which we decide to use them or using them within a message. Literally two people could say the same exact sentence and each can add tone or infliction of the voice and it mean two different things. Going back to the original statement above, if the officer puts more tone around the word â€Å"not† than he is emphasizing the word and he is most likely using some sort of sarcasm. Next we can look at this sentence mixed with the last component: Nonverbal communication, in which no words are used but instead body language to express the idea or message. If the officer is indeed trying to be sarcastic with the above message he may use a simple hand gesture or raise his eyebrows or even draw a smirk upon his face. These are all signs that the officer is being rude or sarcastic toward the other officer. However that simple sentence when evaluating or changing the different components can be decoded differently. That’s why we must evaluate each component then apply it to the message when we are the decoder. Taking all this in and understanding the components will help lead to a more professional decoding of messages. Informal Vs. Formal Weather communication is oral or written there are two basic communication channels: Formal and Informal. Formal communication is usually one in which an organization follows a chain of command such as formal orders, directives and written memorandums. (Wallace, 2009) While formal communication is crucial to the flow of communication within a police organization it also has disadvantages. While it often times supports nurturing of the authority within an organization it can also lead to a larger amount of misconception. This misconception is due to the fact that because formal communication can tend to be more time consuming and usually requires a written record of things said; this alone hinders the free flow of communication. The free flow of communication as a missing element makes it harder for effective communication as many will refuse to give a personal opinions or beliefs on certain matters. With formal communication there is a lot of change and often times change doesn’t necessarily means everyone will agree. Within a police organization laws are constantly changing and many officers may not agree with these laws but must abide by them. This is where formal communication has the advantage of uniformity so that it makes it easier to stop crime and protect citizens when all officers are on the same page despite any personal opinions or beliefs. This helps get the message across clear and concise between officers, sergeants and even citizens. Informal communication is more free flowing and arises outside of channels in the formal channels often known as the grape vine or even departmental gossip. According to the Wallace Authors of Written and interpersonal communication: Methods for law enforcement (2009), informal communication arises due to the personal needs of members of an organization and can be good for divisions. While in the criminal justice field the accuracy of information is important it is still helpful to find information about crime through informal channels. One example that supports this idea is a scenario involving a missing person, and in a small town people may know or provide information about the whereabouts of an individual when last seen that could help with the investigation. An officer may walk into a coffee shop and be approached by a citizen who tells him a unique fact about the person or a relationship they had with another person within the town. While there opinions may be just that, an opinion, it may also be valuable information within the event of the crime. As you can see information flows within an organization either formally or informally. It can flow upward, downward, lateral or diagonal. Meaning it can move up a chain from citizen to officer to Sherriff to sergeant or down ward in the reverse order. It can even be lateral as it may be distributed to all sheriffs within a state then downward to officers within the cities and towns. The flow of communication can easily get misinterpreted as it moves through different channels within the criminal justice system. There are many more parties involved and when relaying information about a high profile criminal investigation and the facts surrounding the investigation important information can get shortened or left out. Listening Vs. Hearing: Barriers in Communication  Barriers in communication include emotional barriers, physical barriers, semantic barriers and ineffective listening. Let’s look into a common mistake we all make while communicating: Emotional Involvement. Whether you are the sender or the receiver in a conversation many people encode messages and relate them to emotional experiences. (Wallace, 2009) Often times if an officer has low self-esteem due to past issues with communication, and he may hold back valuable information or postpone great ideas that he could bring forth to the department to help solve a crime. The best way to overcome this is through peer support, often times there is a greater picture beyond just safety for pairing up police officers. If you work for a long time with the same partner you begin to break out of a shell and confide more to that officer which may enhance the way you communicate with everyone. â€Å"The need to preserve our self-esteem is universal† (Wallace, 2009) Physical barriers are common in the new world of technology this could easily be a computer crashing and no way to receive emails that are important. The easiest fix for this is keeping software up to date and also having an IT department handy, as well as a backup for these malfunctions for when they do happen. Semantic barriers are a little more difficult because it relates back to how no two people have a universal agreement on the meaning of specific terms or words. One officer might say something to the effect of â€Å"I’ve had enough! † and the word enough can easily be interpreted many ways as many of us fill in information that is not given. In these circumstances it’s better to challenge the sender and ask â€Å"What do you mean you’ve had enough. This will force the sender to clearly state what they are feeling so you can better interpret where the conversation is heading. One of the largest barriers in effective communication is the lack of understanding the difference between listening and hearing. This barrier of ineffective listening can easily be explained by the simple fact that as humans our thought speed is much greater than our speaking speed. When someone else is talking we can easily ignore the true message or day dream while not paying attention. Yes, you are hearing but you are not listening or absorbing the person’s valuable information which means you’re more prone to misinterpretation. According to Network World, a site created to improve management skills, â€Å"When it comes to the similarities between listening and hearing, the only one is you use your ears for both. After that, they’re very different. † (Shaw, 2003) If a citizen has a complaint about another officer and if all the officer is doing is writing in a notepad, providing little input, the citizen will be able to sense this bad vibe and more than likely feel offended. While maybe the officer is able to hear them they are not listening to the concern in there voice or even finding a way to make up to the citizen for the problem they had with one of their co-workers. In the police world there are already plenty of reasons citizens don’t confide in policemen and women, some even resenting them, we cannot add another reason to that list. In this situation one must listen to the concern and resolve and reassure the citizen to help build up the trust we may have lost. To improve your listening skills it is suggested to repeat back what the citizen may have said that way they know you are attentive and are taking into consideration what they said. (Shaw, 2003) Also giving yourself time to work through and decode a citizen’s information in these scenarios will be help for you to make the most appropriate response making the flow of conversation a more successful one for both parties. Summary While the list of communication barriers is much longer, there is no improvement that doesn’t help the matter. Communication is a learned process which also means it can be a changed process. Whether it is learning the difference between informal and formal channels and the way we should respond in each channel to fighting emotional, physical, or semantic barriers, there is a solution to overcome these issues. As state above on the difference between listening and hearing time management is the largest improvement anyone could make in communication. Not rushing communication but instead taking time to analyze and assess the situation to get a better understand is the main ingredient in success to effective communication. We must all slow our thought process, and do as we’ve been told many times before: Think before you speak!

How to Create a Nursing Resume to Get You Hired

How to Create a Nursing Resume to Get You Hired You’ve put in the hard work and training to get all of your certifications, now you’re ready to go out into the world and start helping people- and getting paid for the privilege. You may think, as long as your qualifications are complete, you don’t need to do anything else. Unfortunately, you’ve got one more hurdle to clear. Yes, nurses. You too need a killer resume. Set yourself up against your classmates who’ll be applying for the same jobs you will by making sure to craft a clear, professional resume that highlights your particular skills and experience.There are a number of templates to be found online- for any position. Whether you’re looking for a position as an entry-level RN or nursing assistant, or you’re hoping for a significant promotion, the Internet can help.Step one: make your resume. Check out some resume samples.  Do a bit of research to see what seems to work best in a nursing resume. Ask your mentor or someone in t he profession you respect. Remember, the more work you put into your resume, the easier it will be to land the job.Once you’ve got your resume in order, make sure to have a friend or colleague proof it. Make sure you’ve struck the right tone- somewhere between confident and not-too-cocky. Then write yourself a cover letter, explaining anything you think is relevant or providing context you didn’t have space to provide in any one particular section of your resume.Remember, hiring managers don’t know you. Make sure you’re painting the clearest possible picture of who you are and what you do and why they’d be stupid not to hire you.

Essay on ways of seeing

Essay on ways of seeing Essay on ways of seeing â€Å"When in love, the sight of the beloved has a completeness which no words and no embrace can match: a completeness which only the act of making love can temporarily accommodate† (Berger 141). The essay Ways of Seeing portrays the idea that every person views the world differently with different ideas about what they see. A major thing that every person views differently is what, how, and who they fall in love with. The events in everyone's life effects the lens life is viewed through. This lens chooses the people everyone is attracted too, and chooses who every person loves. If everyone viewed the world the same exact way wouldn't everyone love the same people? And wouldn't that leave some people without love? If seeing comes before words, then does that mean that love at first sight is real? Berger used major themes in Ways of Seeing, one including the idea that everyone sees love differently. â€Å"To look is an act of choice† (Berger 141). This quote's significa nce to this theme is when a person is attracted to another, it is obvious that no is perfect. The idea is that people have the choice of look into every small flaw of another, or there is the choice to love even the flaws. Seeing does not always have to be done through the eyes. When it comes to loving â€Å"seeing† is a term that is used in multiple ways. â€Å"Seeing† when it comes to love means much more that seeing what is on the outside of a person, it comes to seeing the inside of the person also. Seeing is a loose term that describes the way you view someone as a whole, and seeing both the good and bad and still loving a person, is a choice. People see through their eyes to find beauty, and people see through their hearts to find what love is to them. When every person is born they have a certain accuracy of vision. Some people have impaired vision and require glasses, while others are born with a perfect 20/20. Although some are born with accurate vision and ot hers not so much, vision is something that as the years go on and as every person ages it can change. This idea of changing vision is a parallel idea with the idea that the way you love someone is constantly changing. When love first occurs it is normally very happy, but as time goes on you begin to understand the type of person the one you love is. The way your vision changes is the way your love can change. Maybe that is way divorce has become very common in modern days. Although at once you had 20/20 vision of a person and would never think the love could fade, maybe your vision becomes blurred over the years until you cannot see the way you used too. Cannot see through the lens you used to fall in love with. Other times even after the years go on and the vision you have of a person begins to blur, the choice of remember what you once saw is what keeps the love strong. It really just depends on the two people who's visions is going through the changes. â€Å"Our perception or ap preciation of an image depends also upon our own way of seeing† (Berger 142). When it comes to love everyone loves different people, because every person appreciates and views other people differently. Sometimes appreciating what a person would do for you due to the fact that they care about you so much is what causes you to view that person with difference. This difference meaning you view them by a different perspective. A perspective that could make you love this person. Most of the time the way love occurs is when you can see in a person what the rest of the world cannot see, and understand it. And even if you do not fully understand what you are seeing in the person, you still give them perspective because you care about them so much. Since everyone views the world differently, what exactly is perspective? That

Otitis Media Protocol In 1-6 Year Old Patients Essay

Otitis Media Protocol In 1-6 Year Old Patients - Essay Example On the other hand in Europe, a watchful-waiting strategy, in which treatment is only reserved for patients whose condition does not improve without medication (Hoberman et al. 2011). In a study by(Hoberman et al. 2011), it was revealed that a group of children that received amoxicillin clavulanate 35%, which showed resolution of symptoms within 48 hours, and by day four it was 61% and by day seven it reached 80%. The waiting strategy is based on clinical trials that showed considerable improvement in children with acute otitis media (Hoberman et al. 2011). It is obvious that any protocol depends on the condition of the patient. There can be no one-size-fits-all solution/treatment. However, there are the general algorithms that can be followed. First and foremost is the identification of the problem. For instance, the ear infection is common in children but it can occur at any age. According to the website patient.co.uk, the most common treatment is painkillers for a simple ear infection. Otitis media is a very common problem that the general practitioners treat in children. Both type of otitis media; acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME) mostly occur during the childhood and the cause may be the bacterial or viral infection (patient.co.uk). Most children have the self-limiting illness that does not manifest itself to an extent where they would go see a general practitioner (patient.co.uk). By two years of age, most children show at least one episode of AOM (Venekamp, 2013).

Discussions, week 1, week 2, week 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussions, week 1, week 2, week 3 - Assignment Example To determine the cause of the itching, one should consider a history of the same symptoms. A dietary assessment is also required to determine if the skin reaction is due to an allergy. Certain drugs also cause allergic reactions. Lab tests may also be mandatory to establish if it is a microbial infection. Since the available information does not point to a specific condition, the patient should be treated for superficial infection and referred for further tests. A follow-up is necessary to assess the course of treatment (Wilson et al., 2013). Mr. AK has several chronic conditions that he is aware of and is receiving treatment. However, his recent loss of appetite and subsequent weight loss in the past few weeks is unexplained and could be as a result of several factors. His medical examination does not provide concrete evidence of the underlying cause. His dietary history points to certain factors that could have contributed to his current condition. AK takes wine every night before going to bed, which might be the main cause of his appetite loss. Alcohol has been shown to cause sleep disturbance (Ebrahim et al., 2013). It may reduce the time to fall asleep but prevents one from having a peaceful sleep. Also, alcohol reduces the appetite, and this can lead to unwanted weight loss. In the case of AK, the alcohol intake might be the main cause of his loss of appetite, weight loss, and daytime somnolence. As a treatment measure, he should be advised to avoid taking alcohol before going to bed and a follow up done to ensure he is complying. Facial itch can be caused by several factors. These include microbial infection, allergic reactions, skin diseases and facial hygiene among others. Chronic facial itch is usually as a result of dysfunction of itch sensing neurons that send false signals of pruritogenic stimuli to the brain (Oaklander, 2012). This condition is known as neuropathic itch, and usually does not involve direct