Seriation Scientific Dating Before Radiocarbon

Corporate Sustainability And The Social, Environmental And...

Executive Summary This report explores corporate sustainability and the social, environmental and financial performance of International Paper Company. â€Å"Today we see a growing momentum to reduce carbon footprints and co-create new social and economic structures.† (http://www.interfaceglobal.com/ Company/Leadership-Team/Ray-Watch. aspx) Sustainability consists of environmental and social performance as well as financial performance. Companies which can incorporate these strong values and cultures are becoming more the norm than not. Many studies now show that most companies have adapted some form of sustainability with some doing so at a higher level than others. In a study by Robert G. Eccles and George Serafeim, they compared ninety companies that they considered to be high sustainability companies and 90 companies that they considered to be low sustainability companies were compared. The findings of their 18 year time frame showed that the high sustainability compani es outperformed the low sustainability companies in the stock market and financially. This only occurred in a long term plan. Therefore companies who want results in the short term might not see the results they want immediately. (Eccles and Serafeim) In today’s society corporations have a responsibility to the environment as well as to making a profit. A range of social and environmental issues and what is expected of the modern day corporation will be discussed alongShow MoreRelatedFrameworks In Greenwashing913 Words   |  4 Pagesand transparent, and to disclose the social, environmental and economic impacts of their activities through sustainability reporting (Klettner, Clarke Boersma 2014; Soderstrom 2013). Accordingly, there has been an increase in organisations’ claiming their voluntary commitment to the international standards and frameworks for corporate sustainability – namely, the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and the Global Reporting Ini tiative (GRI)’s sustainability reporting guidelines (Klettner, ClarkeRead MoreAccounting Theory Assignment 21710 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Topic: How social and environmental reporting practices undertaken by companies highlight the limitations of the conceptual framework. Introduction: Accountancy has always been concerned with mainly the accountability of directors to shareholders and companies to creditors. As companies grow larger and become more integrated with the society, this call for a focus towards sustainability and being accountable to a wider range of stakeholders (Perks, 1993). Corporate Social Responsibility isRead MorePuma Corporation s Integrative Managerial Issues Regarding Social Responsibility Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesPuma Corporation’s Integrative Managerial Issues Regarding Social Responsibility During the 1960’s, the definition of corporate social responsibility expanded as social activists began to question the typical â€Å"economic obligations† mentality, which focused on the singular economic objective of business. Nowadays, society expects much more out of businesses and corporations. Business firms are expected to go beyond their legal and economic obligations and act in ways that are beneficial to societyRead MoreThe International Integrated Reporting Council Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesaccounting practice in New Zealand within the next 5 years for KPMG. The paper will additionally comment on the advantages and disadvantages of the accounting regulation. In which, the target audience of this report is firm partners who demand to be up-to-date regarding the latest developments and probable changes in the accounting practice landscape. The followed by the conclusion. Discussion The concept of The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has publicized the ‘Integrated ReportingRead MoreTo what Extent is Corporate Social Responsibility Beneficial to a Company’s Performance?1078 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of companies that have an explicit Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plan. As stated by European Commission (2001), CSR is defined as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.† It is believed that the motives for CSR are gradually converting from philanthropic rationale to performance-driven orientation, but the question of better company performance resultingRead MoreSustainability Reporting Of The United States1672 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Sustainability reporting in the United States is still a work in progress. While more countries around the world are requiring companies to report the effects of their business activities as part of their annual report, this practice is still voluntary in the US. Even though sustainability reporting is not required, companies generally disclose sustainable information on their websites or through social media. Being social responsible builds a certain type of bond that brings internal andRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Framing Csr Within A System Of Global Ethics1470 Words   |  6 Pages Global Ethics - Final Paper May 2nd – 2016 Corporate Social Responsibility Framing CSR within a System of Global Ethics Introduction The field of Global Ethics has recently emerged as its own independent field of study that engages with many of humanities most pressing ethical questions. One of the most important subsets of this field of study is arguably how the role of international corporations will fit into the process of addressing many ofRead MoreCorporate Accountability : Corporate Responsibility Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In April 2015, Corporate Responsibility Magazine released their annual list of the most socially responsible companies in the United States. The top ten companies included Microsoft, Hasbro, Johnson Johnson, Xerox Corp, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Intel Corp, and the Campbell Soup Company (Corporate Responsibility Magazine, 2015). Corporate accountability was measured in seven categories: financial, employee relations, governance, human rights, environmental, climate change, and philanthropyRead MoreIntegrated Reporting And Non Financial Information1749 Words   |  7 Pagesissued by an organization that includes financial and non-financial information regarding the organization’s strategy, governance, performance and prospects with the view of explaining the formation of value in the short, medium and long term in regards to its external environment. While some view Integrated reporting (IR) as having the potential to create value in many industries, others see integrated reporti ng as simply a merger of financial and sustainability report into a single document. (SokyaRead MoreDoes Sustainability Reporting Improve Corporate Behaviour?: Wrong Question? Right Time?14566 Words   |  59 PagesPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rabr20 Does sustainability reporting improve corporate behaviour?: Wrong question? Right time? Rob Gray a a University of St Andrews Published online: 28 Feb 2012. To cite this article: Rob Gray (2006) Does sustainability reporting improve corporate behaviour?: Wrong question? Right time?, Accounting and Business Research, 36:sup1, 65-88, DOI: 10.1080/00014788.2006.9730048 To

My Family As A Social And Cultural Construct - 963 Words

Families, as units, are extremely complex and vary drastically from one another. A person might be under the impression that his or her own family is nothing special, especially if they are accustomed to their family’s routines. After analyzing my own family through the sociological lenses of an assortment of scholars, it is now clear that it is not as simple as it seems. Sociologically analyzing my family through the divorces that have occurred in my life makes it clear that divorce can have an impact on a variety of family dynamics, such as my parents and their jobs and domestic duties, the amount of involvement they have with their friends and family, as well as my financial dependence on my parents. Divorce is typically a very painful and emotional experience for all parties involved. Two divorces have occurred in my life, only one of which was recent enough for me to remember. Steven Mintz, the author of â€Å"American Childhood As a Social and Cultural Construct,† mentions, â€Å"Children today grow up under different circumstances than their immediate predecessors. They are more likely to experience their parents’ divorce† (2009:53). My mother and father divorced when I was two years old. Due to my age at the time of the divorce, I do not know anything about the divorce from experience. I only know what I have been told about the divorce because I was too young to remember it happening. Over time, my mother became unhappy with my father’s â€Å"workaholic† attitude. He averagedShow MoreRelatedChildhood Bred Constructed Through Social, Cultural And Historical Frameworks1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe social phenomenon of childhood has, across many generations, been debated and refined through social, cultural and historical frameworks. Perhaps one of the more well-rounded definitions can be understood through Sorin and Galloway’s (2006) suggestion of childhood as a structure that is developed and enforced on â€Å"children† by â€Å"adults†. Furthermore, the United Nations paints childhood, based upon the Rights of the Child policy (UNCRC) (NSPCC, 2009), with a more simplistic biologically focusedRead MoreMental Health Case Study1261 Words   |  6 Pagesdid not have a depressive disorder. This instrument used criterion and construct validity. To asses construct validity the measure used the number of clinic visits and sick days along with a 20-item Short Form General Health Survey. The measure proved that there is a correlation of the individual’s score and a diagnosis of depression. An individual with a score above 10 on the PHQ-9 was likely to have depression. The construct validity sho wed that results were the same between the obstetrics andRead MoreRacism : A Social Construct1593 Words   |  7 Pages As I have lived most all of my life here in NYC, I have been affected by implicit biases, prejudices and discrimination based on my race, however my socioeconomic class, gender and my sexual orientation are significant forces of my social identity that not only define who I am, but are interconnected in the way I am and have been oppressed. Albeit racism has an impact on all of our lives in the US, however; it’s the intersectionality of the other social identity forces that when they are interactingRead MoreThe Culture Of Asian American And Being Labeled As An Ethnic1496 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern America. This label of â€Å"other† causes them to become marginalized and lose their sense of identity, belonging neither to Western culture nor Eastern culture. In order help stop this loss of identity in Asian-Americans, we must tear down the social construct of the â€Å"other† and integrate the different cultures into the melting pot of popular culture. Once we have stopped alienating different cultures, we can then have a moral society that upholds diversity and identity. The Struggles of the OtherRead MorePostmodern Social Construct : Gender Role Issues Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesPostmodern social construct: Gender role issues for men in Television Even though the reappearance of gendered storylines and images in media has helped to shape these cultural standards around what it means to be a man or a woman, Masculinity and femininity are the terms most often used to classify a set of characteristics, values, and significance related to gender. Since Television is the most prevalent form of media, it influences both how we see ourselves and each other in some form or scopeRead MoreSocial Psychology And Albert Bandura s Social Cognitive Theory1338 Words   |  6 Pageswithin a social context, a cultural context, and a modeling context. This papers is intended as a review of how personalities effect our actual behaviors and how those behaviors are molded into an individualistic personality. The best definition of personality I found is â€Å"Personality is can be described in terms of personality traits: characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving† (Soto Tacket, 2015). For purposes of this paper, I chose to incorporate Horney’s Social and CulturalRead MoreA Large Issue Facing Trans Women894 Words   |  4 Pagesinherently male nor female, but just reproductive systems. We, as humans, have associated genitalia with these labels, which is why sex is also a social construct that is learned. The normalization of this is what contributes to transphobia, violence against trans people (especially trans women), and accusations of deception. According to Willy Wilkinson, â€Å"Cultural competency refers to the ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with diverse populations and can be measured be awarenessRead MoreThe Sociological Concepts Of Globalization And Migration, Performativity And Patriarchal Ideology Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesAs the somewhat non-conformist daughter of an east-Asian, single-parent immigrant family, I feel as if I challenge several societal norms. Hovering between two very different cultures and growing up surrounded by strong women throughout all of my life have greatly influenced my identity. Of course, being a part of a minority group in a country, being a part of a non-nuclear family and being a not very feminine girl means that I have been subject to multiple types of discrimination and can be frownedRead MoreMy Current Perceptions Of Children s Learning Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesWhat I believe about children’s learning, is that family are first t eachers, with a knowledge of their own, situated from their families and communities. Sociocultural theory maintains children’s learning is situated in the social and cultural contexts of their families and communities (Arthur et al. 2015, p. 37). Children learn in lots of different ways and in early childhood education the mantra is there is no right or wrong way for learning. How a child learns is completely individual, some childrenRead MoreThe Sociological Definition Of Race And Ethnicity1629 Words   |  7 Pages Life Within My Race Sadari Comer Understanding Culture December 9, 2014 According to the sociological definition of race and ethnicity, there is a close interrelation between race and ethnicity. Race has not been defined by the biological difference that it is stood on the social construct. Race does not discriminate the skin color from others which is related to the ethnicity. Race is defined on the social construct which based on physical and cultural features. Ethnicity is a

Aging Matters for Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAging Matters for Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue. Answer: Step One Over my life, I have had different things that I strive to attain regarding my family commitments. According to Linda (2017), families are fundamental components of human life because they are the only place where ones life initiates and love never ends. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure full obligation towards enhancing the well-being of all members of the family. One of the primary goals that I wish to attain when it comes to family commitment includes having a schedule that allows me to balance the time I dedicate to other things and my family. I also aim to commit my efforts towards raising a family that is united, and one that knows how to assist each other. This would be attained by loving my wife and children and teaching them the importance of remaining together in both good and bad times. Apart from family commitment, I also have various goals when it comes to work. According to Charlotte (2015), work is very fundamental because it is the one which gives human beings an income that helps them to access most of the essential needs. To succeed in work, I plan to attain a career growth by committing my efforts to all tasks that I undertake and respecting both my senior and juniors. I also aim to remain in my career until retirement by respecting all rules and regulations that govern the organization that I work to avoid the chances of doing things that may make me to be fired. The other goal that I have regarding work is committing my efforts in the tasks that I do to ensure my organization attains its objectives. Community service is also part of things that I have set goals for. To live well with people after retirement, it is always good to serve the people when one has the energy to do so (Niklas, 2015). For this reason, I have set some goals that I wish to attain before I retire. Some of these goals include serving the community through helping the needy and participating in some of the social work activities such as planting trees, cleaning the environment and so forth. I also have the goal of making as many people as possible in my community to change their living standards by raising funds to educate the needy students, and entrepreneurs to start businesses. Various reasons make me to have these goals. For instance, having goals that pertain family commitment is fundamental because as Negru (2011) states, ones family should come among the top priorities when deciding about caring plans. Having goals that relate to family commitments will make me to remain happy when I retire, and for the rest of my life. For community service, the reason that makes me to have goals regarding this aspect is that I trust the community is one of the best which helps one to relate well with people. Finally, the reason that makes me to have goals regarding work is that job plays a crucial role in life because it helps one to attain funds. Step two To attain personal goals for life portfolio, various things will influence the strategies I shall use in different ways. Some of these things comprise health, economics/finances, and culture. According to Ali (2011), health plays a crucial role in determining the chances of attaining goals. If one is sick, he/she fails to engage in activities that may make him/her to do activities that are fundamental to achieving goals. For instance, in most cases when ill, a person does not report to work because of not having enough energy or concentration in what he/she should undertake. This brings a significant impact in attaining goals because if for example, ones goal is to have few absent cases, the chances of achieving these goals become limited. Economics/finances also may influence how I will achieve my personal goals for my life portfolio because money is the one that determines how one is likely to live after retirement. If one does not have enough finances to have savings, for instance, it is expected that personal goals for life portfolio may be influenced (Richard, 2012). Finances will also determine ones ability to support some of the activities undertaken in the community. If for instance, I dont have enough finances, it will be impossible to assist in donating funds to pay school fees for the needy students, support entrepreneurs to start businesses and so forth. It will also be challenging to play a role in community service because if I dont have money, it means I will spend most of the time working to earn a living. Culture is also another factor that is likely to influence the chances of achieving my personal goals for my portfolio. Karen (2017) defines culture as the customs, ideas and social behaviors held by a group of people. These aspects have a significant impact on attaining goals for my portfolio because if for example my ideas or customs differ from those of other people, it may be challenging to achieve some of my goals. If for example, I live in a community that holds views that contradict the strategies I have set for achieving some of the goals, like career goals, for instance, attaining these aims may be difficult because if I strive to attain them, the beliefs held by the community will act as barriers to achieving success. Step three One of the primary strategies that I plan to use to build my life portfolio is dedicating my effort in my career. According to Christie (2016), successful career lead to successful life. If I work to satisfaction, I will earn funds that will make me to live a fulfilling life even when I age. Committing my efforts in my career include minimizing absenteeism, working beyond my bosses expectations and following rules and regulations. I also plan to save and invest as much as I can so that I may have enough resources that can enable me to live a fulfilling life. As for family commitment, I plan to use different strategies that will keep me focused on ensuring my family lives a happy life. This will include proving all necessities required, such as taking my children to the best schools, providing a healthy diet, proper clothing and assisting them to attain better medical services. I also plan to spend enough time with my family to create a healthy bond that will develop the sense of togetherness. Taking my family for holidays is also part of the strategies I plan to use to show family commitments. Holidays will play a key role in helping my wife and children to learn something new, and also get some time to relax their minds (Constance, 2016). Taking them for holidays will also give me a chance to socialize with them and break the house boredom. To attain my goals regarding community service, I plan to save some money that will assist me to assist the needy children in getting food and shelter, paying hospital bills for the poor, participate in social work and so forth. I also plan to have proper time management that will include spending some time with community members to discuss critical issues that affect the well-being of the people around. I also plan to contribute a lot in donating funds to educate children from low-income families because education is one of the best ways of assisting a person to live a better life in the future (Richard, 2015). I also plan to play a role in organizing events that can put the community together such as games and cultural activities. References Ali, E. (2011). Satisfaction of Needs and Determining of Life Goals: A Model of Subjective Well-Being for Adolescents in High School. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 11(4). 154-170. Charlotte, Y. (2015). Fostering a New (More Self-Empowering) World View on Aging. Generations, 39(1), 124-130. Christie, D. (2016). GETTING MORE: How You Can Negotiate to Succeed in Work and Life. Military Review, 96(2), 52-69. Constance, H. (2016). When Technical Skills Are Not All You Need to Succeed. Business Economics, 51(3), 78-90. Guyla,D. D. (2012). Looking toward the Future: Predicting Retirement Satisfaction. Journal of Social and Psychological Sciences, 5(2), 25-60. Karen, K. (2017). Most Likely to Succeed. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue, 19, (1-2), 54-80. Linda, W. E. (2017). Aging Matters: Finding Your Calling for the Rest of Your Life. Anglican Theological Review, 99(1), 56-90. Negru, O. (2011). Methodological Dimensions in the Investigation of Personal Goals. Cognitie, Creier, Comportament, 15(1), 58-89. Niklas, R. J. (2015). On Having a Goal: Goals as Representations or Behavior. The Psychological Record, 65(1), 45-80. Richard, W. (2015). The Satisfaction of Retirement. Monthly Labor Review, 138, 225-240.

Aboriginal People Trauma

Introduction In accordance to Canadian national census that was carried out in 1995, it was found that Aboriginals constituted about 1,016,335 people who roughly translated into about 3.8% of the total Canadian population (Statistics Canada, 1995 cited in Edwards and Edwards, 1998). The main sub-groups that make up Aboriginal community are North American Indians, Mà ©tis, and Inuit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aboriginal People Trauma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More North American Indians are registered under the Indian Act while Mà ©tis occupy the western province of the country and are as a result of inter-marriage between French Canadians and Indian women. However, Mà ©tis on overall has not been integrated into Euro-Canadian culture (Edwards and Edwards, 1998). Lastly, Inuit constitute racially and culturally distinct group from Indians and are not covered by the Indian Act (Edwards and Edwards, 1998) . Within the jurisdictions of Canada, evidences are numerous that social and economic conditions for Aboriginals are far behind as compared to other Canadian groups. In a report that was prepared by the Royal Commission, it was identified that Aboriginals are more likely to face â€Å"inadequate nutrition, substandard housing and sanitation, unemployment and poverty, discrimination and racism, violence, inappropriate or absent services, and subsequent high rates of physical, social and emotional illness, injury, disability and premature death† (Barth, 2008, p.104). Many social studies and indicators that have been carried in Canada indicate that Aboriginals in the entire country occupy lower socio-economic levels as compared to other groups of Canada (Barth, 2008). For instance, in 1991, when the overall unemployment in the country stood at 9.9%, for Aboriginals, it was 24.6% (Barth, 2008). Aboriginals who rely on social-welfare assistance are estimated to be 41.1% as compare d to 8.1% of the general Canadian population (Barth, 2008). Moreover, only 3% of Aboriginals have been able to graduate from University as compared to 12% of the non-Aboriginal groups (Barth, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the Aboriginals, infant mortality rate is 2-3 times more than of the rest population while life expectancy for Aboriginals is 10% lower that the general population of Canada (Barth, 2008). Family violence among the Aboriginals is one of the highest estimated to be 80 percent and out of this 87% of women experience physical injury while 57 percent are victims of sexual abuse (Barth, 2008). Royal Commission Report on Aboriginal suicide has correlated the numerous suicidal incidences among Aboriginals to mental illness, family problems, socio-economic factors and cultural stress (Barth, 2008). Aboriginal constitute a group that has undergone and ex perienced historical injustices since the days of colonialism. As it was evidenced in the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginals, trauma among this population is associated to historical physical, emotional, and psychological torture that was met on Aboriginals. Surprisingly, these actions were ‘institutionalized’ in that key government agencies and structures participated in either formulating or implementing policies to injury the Aboriginals. Motivated by these historical events in the lives of Aboriginals this research paper intends to investigate and explore the issue of Trauma among Aboriginals: how it originated, how it was facilitated, the impacts manifested through transgenerational; transfer of trauma and how the current policy-programs intends to address the issue of trauma among these people. Methodology to be employed will largely be of literature review using both primary and secondary sources in terms of information and relevant statistical data. C olonialism and Aboriginal land issue When the colonialist invaded the Aboriginal land, theirs was a quest for land as it was deemed a vital economic resource. They violated the Aboriginal understanding of land as a resource. For the Aboriginals, strong ties were attached to the land and for them land not only was a source of sustenance but was also part of their culture and spirituality (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aboriginal People Trauma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Subsequent resistances by Aboriginals were met with harsh reactions from the colonialist where at the same time the colonists violated the treaties they had signed with Aboriginals. These colonialist behaviors saw Aboriginals separated from their lands; they were driven to isolated reserves. In general, Aboriginals became ‘homeless’ in their land. What was to follow in the fu ture decades was horrible; Aboriginals became victims of torture, they were forced to abandon their families, their culture and their identity and in subsequent they were required to adopt the ‘civilized’ culture through education and religion. Assimilation became the guise in which systematic torture against the Aboriginals took place, tendencies to exterminate them became widely acknowledged and approved, the institution of law and other critical protection institutions became part of this broad scheme to eliminate the Aboriginals (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). Religion, the only hope to go to in times of sorrow was not left behind, in fact, clergymen and priests became the instruments in which systematic torture of Aboriginals took place; in wider sense, the clergymen became killers, torturers, and rapists (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). They intentionally infected innocent young Aboriginals with diseases through the board ing school systems and hospitals, which were largely run and managed by churches (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). In short, Aboriginal historical injustices came from all corners of the society; it was as if everyone was determined to eliminate them. Intergenerational trauma among the Aboriginals Aboriginals remain a community characterized by a history of negative treatment. This has largely been fostered through policies and programs that in their content formulation reflected an ambition to culturally suppress, oppress, and marginalize Aboriginals. The result of these has been risk factors that have accompanied the Aboriginals since ever (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). More so, these policies and programmes in implementation have aspired to neutralize the protective factors that for a long time formed natural part of traditional Aboriginal cultures. The lethal and mental disease that Aboriginals have been subjected to has been intergenerati onal trauma.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Intergenerational trauma constitutes transmission of emotional injuries from one generation to the next and the transfer of the trauma occurs at interpersonal level (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Main actors are parents who pass it to their children that in most cases may take place at intergenerational level from a generation of parents to a generation of children (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). When a large group or numbers of people become victims of this, the impact further affects larger group or community (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Intergenerational trauma among the Aboriginals is associated with harsh historical events in their lives. For instance authors Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo (2010) note that Aboriginals as the people have been victims who have experienced significant number of losses for a relative long period of time in which majority of Aboriginals have been forced to under unwilling radica l changes and displacements as a result of colonization and aggressive Federal assimilative policies. Accounting how the Aboriginals have been victims of historical losses the author observes that the group has lost many things that formed part of their lives and note that Aboriginals have lost their land, their language, their cherished culture, and their overall spiritual life (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Further, Aboriginals are seen to have greatly lost their traditional strong families and family ties. Their population has reduced through early and intentional deaths. They have lost their traditional revered virtues of respect, and trust and painfully have lost respect for the elders of the community’s elders. To Aboriginals elders constitute the source of the community’s wisdom, culture, identity and continuity has been lost (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). The effect of these losses among the Aboriginals has, in turn, cont ributed to acceleration of higher percentages of numerous emotional and behavioral problems. Today, majority of Aboriginals experience prevalent instances of feelings of sadness, shame, anxiety, loss of concentration, isolation from other people, loss of sleep, and enormous rage (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). The current generation of the Aboriginals remembers this events and happenings as if they happened yesterday, and they are purely fresh in their minds a situation that has led to problems with coping strategies (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Observation made is that coping difficulties among the victims has largely resulted in overwhelming feelings of fear, anxiety, and helplessness that in turn has led to deviant behaviors such as high rates of alcoholism, family discord and high rates of suicide (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). The Indian Act of 1876 and creation of residential schools This is the act that was publishe d as a public and government policy, which aimed at establishing and instituting the federal government as the ‘guardian’ of the Aboriginal people (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). As a result of this act, there followed widespread establishment of artificial settlement for the Aboriginals where at the same time there was wide segregation of Aboriginals into groups that were only defined by authorities outside existing community networks (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). Within the segregated communities the government went ahead and created authorities together with hierarchy and decision-making authorities which in great measure did not respect or recognize traditional values and practices of the Aboriginal people (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). The act, in essence, perpetuated unstable and inequitable programming and delivery of support services largely to Aboriginals who lived off-reserves and in urban ar eas. The act through its tendency to create artificial separations and introduction of external control over relations between family members largely within Aboriginal communities and across people, the act effectively and in systematic way isolated community members from one another (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). What was evident with this act was the fact that the Canadian government instituted mechanisms, including the religious institutions to pursue ‘efforts’ of transforming and assimilating the Aboriginal communities. As such, between 1840 and 1983, over 100,000 Aboriginal children were put in the residential school system and the intention was to carry out assimilation, segregation, and integration of the Aboriginals into mainstream Canadian society (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). The overall characteristics of this act was that Aboriginal children were separated from their families for a long period of time and as a r esult the children ended up losing their language, culture, and spiritual beliefs as well as a sense of belonging to a family or kinship network (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). At the same time, what became notable in these residential schools as prevalence of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse which majority of these children had to undergo (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). Aboriginal mistreatment: Is it a case of genocide? Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada asserted in its report that, â€Å"unlike post-war Germans, Canadians have yet to acknowledge, let alone repent from, the genocide that we inflicted on millions of conquered people: the Aboriginal men, women and children who were deliberately exterminated by our racially supremacist churches and state† (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001, p5.). The expression of these words is that Aboriginals still arch from injustices that were done on them. They st ill ‘bleed’ internally from many injuries they received and they still cry for their loved ones; their fathers, their mothers, their daughters together with their sons. Nobody is yet to account and apologize for the losses of their relatives, their friends, and just anyone who was close to them. Indeed Aboriginal still moan their lost culture, their lost identity, their lost spirituality, and their lost sense of belonging. The report does not mince its words; somebody needs to say sorry to these people. People just go on with their businesses as if nothing happened, as if what happened was normal and the overall picture is that Aboriginals still gnaw in pain and trauma (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). Comparative evidence shows that what was done to the Aboriginals translated into genocide, although some writers and analysts have tried to refute this fact. Geneva Convection on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, defines genocide as, â€Å"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious groups, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. Further, it constitutes deliberate infliction on the group’s conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; forcibly transferring children of the group to another group† (Gutman and Rieff, 1999 cited in Vetlesen, 2005, p.15). According to the author, genocide is not just manifested in physical suffering but also could be experienced through actions to strip a particular group their cultural identity or aspects (Gutman and Rieff, 1999 cited in Vetlesen, 2005, p.15). In prescribing punishment for genocide activities, the Geneva Convection stated that punishment would be executed against those: who conspired to commit genocide; direct and public incitement to commit genocide; attempts to commit genocide; and complicity in genocide (Vetlesen, 2005). Traumatic experiences in residential schools Boarding school era started with the establishment of the Office of Indian Affairs that was later renamed Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and BIA became part of the War Department, which became responsible in regulating tribes in the country (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). On her part, Laura Pedro observes that Aboriginal contact with residential schools started with recruitment of about 10,000 Aboriginal children into the government-funded, church-run boarding schools and according to the author, this formed one of the darkest incidental histories in the lives of both Aboriginals and Canadian histories (Pedro, 2009). Immediately, BIA took up the role of providing education to the Aboriginals under its theme of ‘Civilization Division’ and boarding schools became a solution to what had been termed as ‘Indi an problem’ (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). According to the authors, the establishment of these schools and the subsequent recruitment of students of Aboriginal original marked the long journey of teaching Aboriginals ways of civilization, which to them centered on teaching Aboriginals the dominant cultural values, language, and style of dress (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). As reality would dawn in the schools the Aboriginals became victims of thorough beatings in order to discourage them from speaking their native languages, children were separated from their families and their communities sometimes for many years and they were largely raised without the benefit of culturally normative role models (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). The establishment of these schools was done between the collaboration of the Canadian government and Christian churches of different denominations, and the aim of the two institutions was rooted in the ‘civilization mission’. Characteristically these sc hools were located far away from the indigenous communities; and in the words of Hamilton (2009), this was done to, â€Å"caught young to be saved from what is, on the whole, the degenerating influence of their home environment† (p.37). The government given support by the church used force to remove Aboriginal children from their communities to be enrolled in the schools and those parents who resisted were threatened with legal sanctions. Upon being admitted in these schools, the children at no instances were required to speak their native languages. Further, they were not expected to wear Aboriginal clothes or engage in any form of community or cultural practice. In the end, the children did not get the education they were promised. Instead, they were subjected to systematic abuse and neglect (Hamilton, 2009). Residential schools turned out to be avenues of racialized beliefs centering on inadequacy of Aboriginal people cultures and the schools became devoted to eradicating inferior cultures among the Aboriginals and in the process changing them (Hamilton, 2009). One famous historian described this whole experience of residential schools by noting that, â€Å"In thought and deed the establishment of this school system was an act of profound cruelty rooted in non-Aboriginal pride and intolerance and in the certitude and insularity of purported cultural superiority† (cited in Hamilton, 2009, p.38) According to USA official, the motivation behind the establishment of residential schools was the desire of Canada’s society to promote ‘self-sufficiency’ among the indigenous population (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). The intention further incorporated Canada’s desires to zero in and facilitate systematic attack on traditional Indian religion and cultural practices and it was evident that the dominion purpose was that assimilation. Experience in these schools was traumatic as some survivors of the system would describe and the r esult was a forceful transformation of the Aboriginals to adopt Euro-Canadian culture and way of lives against their wishes (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). In his book titled, ‘First Nations, Residential Schools, and the Americanization of the Holocaust’ the author MacDonald David refutes the fact that genocidal activities took place in these schools. However, the author is of the view that this school system resulted into huge traumatic experiences to the Aboriginals, where the system in totality had damaging cultural, psychosocial, and economic intergenerational impact on Aboriginal peoples (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). The author’s stand is that although there was severe cultural harm to these people, they largely do not amount to genocide (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). From the work of this author, one point that comes out clearly is the fact that there were psychological legacies of atrocities directed against Aboriginals in these boarding schools. Describing t he experience in these residential schools Wilfrid Rymhs in his book ‘From the iron house: imprisonment in First Nations writing’ observes that they were established on totally different cultural values as compared to the British public schools or North America private school. Generally, the residential schools for the Aboriginals operated and functioned within an aggressive colonizing agenda where the schools produced an experience that was distinct and for later years, the subsequent generations would become victims of the cultural damage the institutions left and formed among the Aboriginal communities (Rymhs, 2008). It is estimated that between 1870 and 1970, about 40 percent of all aboriginal school-aged children were placed in boarding schools and what came to characterize this school was wide evidences of poor conditions. These poor conditions manifested in many ways such as neglect, and abuse and the blame is bestowed on the Church and the Canadian Government (R ymhs, 2008). The author notes that the factor that contributed to creation of disastrous experience in these schools was based on the inherent racism that existed at the time towards the Aboriginals. In this category, the teachers, staff, government officials, clergies, and even Canadian citizens disregarded the Aboriginals and to them these people could not be treated in equal measure like the Euro-Canadian citizens (Pedro, 2009). The overall conviction among these residential schools was that there was need to give the Aboriginals some form of paternalistic education in order for them to become civilized. To achieve goals of civilization violence became part of the process for the Aboriginal students as the author put it, â€Å"the mantra behind the entire education system was to kill the Indian in the child† (Pedro, 2009, p.11). Apart from being avenues where abuses took place on aggravated level both physical, emotional and psychological, residential school was further se en to be poorly equipped and maintained both in terms o physical infrastructure and human resource personnel. Comparative evidence shows that these schools had inadequate doctors, inspectors, and government officials to carry out inspections and supervision of the institutions’ programs (Pedro, 2009). Further reports of overcrowding, poor building conditions, poor sanitation and ventilation, inadequate food, diseases such as tuberculosis, and inadequate health services constituted intertwined factors that led to high numbers of deaths in these schools (Pedro, 2009). Impact of Residential School to Aboriginals State of Mind The aftermath of residential schools to the Aboriginal population has drawn mixed reactions while a small percentage has hailed the system claiming that it had great impact to their lives (Pedro, 2009, p.11). On the other hand, larger group has discredited the system claiming that it resulted into harmful effects that even it becomes hard to recognize the p ositives (Pedro, 2009, p.11). Starting from 1980s, evidence of crude conditions and impacts of residential schools started to emerge and numerous health problems were identified to be the product of abuses that took place in these schools. Majority of Aboriginal children in these schools suffered all kinds of abuse the major one being the emotional stress of being isolated from the family, community and culture (Pedro, 2009, p.11). The entire system of Aboriginal traditional society was upset as children left their homes without further learning the community’s culture, values, spiritual aspects and anything that pertained to the community. Cultural dislocation for the Aboriginal children became the norm and the long-lasting effects of this cannot be imagined widely manifested through loss of language, culture, familial bonds, exposure to physical, mental, and sexual abuses. Due to lack of supervision in these schools, Aboriginal children were subjected to extreme punishment facilitated through physical violence, verbal assault, racist insults, and general humiliation (Pedro, 2009). Those who managed to survive these harsh conditions returned home totally ‘different’ people. In essence, the children outside were Aboriginals and inside they were ‘white’. Many of them could not comprehend their language leave alone the whole culture. Children appeared strange to their parents and to the society in general. More so, the harsh, abusive, and oppressive system they had gone through made majority of returnee to resort to alcohol and drug abuse as coping mechanism to relieve their detachment from their community as well as their memories of abuse (Pedro, 2009). The former student even after a prolonged stay in the community exhibited at least one or more symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder that in most cases included â€Å"depression, panic attacks, insomnia, uncontrollable anger, alcohol and drug abuse, sexual inadequacy or ad diction, the inability to form intimate relationships, and even eating disorders† (Pedro, 2009, pp 11-12.). The Present Aboriginal Trauma Problem Historical and previous experiences cannot be divorced from the current state of the Aboriginal mental problems. The Aboriginals harbor unresolved grief which has become accustomed to passage to the successive generations (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). The two authors note that the first generation of Aboriginals who were victims of direct abuses and subsequent looses suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the manifestation of this disorder include depression, hypervigilance, anxiety, and sometimes substance abuse (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). What is evident is that PTSD has been passed on from one generation to the next among the Aboriginals. Most Aboriginal are believed to suffer from unresolved historical grief and just like any other communities that have undergone historical abuse Aboriginals are entitled to a pervasive sense of pain from what befell their grandparents and their community and what remains among them is incomplete mourning of those losses (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Today’s Aboriginals are victims of high rates of suicide and subsequent studies that have been done point that the suicide incidences among this population has positive correlation to the implicit unresolved, fixated, or anticipatory grief about perceived abandonment as well as affiliated cultural disruption (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Numerous statistics shows that the present Aboriginal generation has been subjected to recurring traumatic losses especially of relatives and other community members through alcohol-related accidents, homicide and suicide while at the same time domestic violence among Aboriginals are one of the highest in the country (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Deaths are frequent among the Aboriginals leaving people mourning from the last loss as they face the most recent one and these patterns of prese nt losses together with significant trauma of the past have become responsible to the accelerated anguish, psychological numbing, and destructive coping mechanisms that are related to unresolved grief and historical trauma (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Further oppression Among the Aboriginals is still evident today, particularly fostered through spiritual persecution. Today emergence of ‘New Age’ imitations of traditional Aboriginal spiritual practices is causing a lot of trauma where insensitive and opportunistic non-Aboriginal traditional healers have sprouted in large numbers and their actions largely reflect actions or intentions to corrupt and aim to profit from stereotypic distortions of traditional ceremonies. Such behaviors are viewed to be assault to the Aboriginals and major source of modern trauma as experiences of the past become manifested and repeated. Alcohol abuse is prevalent among the Aboriginals and estimates show that it is about 5.5 times that of the na tional average (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Role models for drinking behavior for a long time have been associated with pathological and correlate to violence and it is an aspect of behavior Aboriginals have become accustomed to. Alcoholism behaviors among Aboriginals are associated with generational unresolved trauma and grief and the two authors, Heart and DeBruyn (n.d) note that â€Å"With the introduction of the reservation system, a colonized people lost control of their land, culture, and way of life. Further explanation of Aboriginal alcoholism should be within the precepts of self-destructive act often associated with depression as an outcome of internalized aggression, internalized oppression, and unresolved grief and trauma† (p.70). Further, it is noted that the accelerating levels of suicide, depression, homicide, domestic violence, and child abuse among the Aboriginals can be associated with processes of internalized oppression and identification with the oppressor a nd motivated by historical forces. Conclusion Addressing trauma among the Aboriginals Clinical activist strategies have been recommended by numerous researchers to constitute the best and most appropriate strategies in dealing with the issue of trauma among the Aboriginals (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). This is a model that has processes that encourage grieving historical trauma, and individuals are presented with the opportunity to go on with the healing processes through individual, group and family therapy as well as personal spiritual developments strategies (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). At the same suggestion is made for the Aboriginals to take part in facilitating communal grief rituals while at the same time incorporating and participating in traditional practices (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Further, some programs within the same dimensions are incorporating community elders and instances of storytelling teaching skills about the Aboriginal community history to the young people that hav e the capacity to serve as avenue of creating historical awareness and knowledge to the people of this community. Effective healing for majority of traumatized individuals in this community is seen to originate from the role extended kin networks perform especially in providing support to identity formation, sense of belonging, recognition of shared history and the general survival of the group (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Further, working with Jewish victims of Holocaust Fogelman (1988) note that, it is essential to develop specialized intervention programs that are built with a focus of resolving the general communal grief (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). At the same time, there is need for mental clinicians working with the affected people to develop appropriate and training programs to address the various problems (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). The author concludes by noting that for perfect and long-term historical grief resolution there should be communal support, strength, identity, and the overall maintenance or replacement of extended family networks together with the response mechanisms to facilitate processes of addressing unresolved grief (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). References Barth, W. K. (2008). On cultural rights: the equality of nations and the minority legal tradition. New York: BRILL. Crooks, C. V., Chiodo, D., Thomas, D., Burns, S. and Camillo, C. (2010). Engaging and Empowering Aboriginal Youth: A Tookit for Service Providers. Ontario: Trafford Publishing. Edwards, J. R. and Edwards, J. (1998). Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hamilton, J. A. (2009). Indigeneity in the courtroom: law, culture, and the production of difference in North American courts. NY: Taylor Francis. Heart, M. Y. and DeBruyn, L. M. (N.d). The American Indian Holocaust: Healing Historical Unresolved Grief. (Attached notes). Hulchanski, J. D., Campsie, P., Chau, S. B. Y., Hwang, S. W. and Paradis, E. (2009). Homelessness: What is in a Word? Ontario: Homeless Hub . Pedro, L. (2009). Tragedy into Art: The Canadian Aboriginal Residential School Experience Expressed through Fiction. Web. Rymhs, D. (2008). From the iron house: imprisonment in First Nations writing. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Totten, S. and Hitchcock, R. (2010). Genocide of Indigenous Peoples: Genocide: a Critical Bibliographic Review. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada. (2001). Hidden from History: The Canadian Holocaust. (Attached notes). Vetlesen, A. J. (2005). Evil and human agency: understanding collective evildoing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Aboriginal People Trauma was written and submitted by user Brenna Rosario to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Stay Inspired Everyday [Infographic]

How to Stay Inspired Everyday [Infographic] It may be difficult waking up every morning with an optimistic and energized attitude, especially when faced with a world of uncertainty. But there are steps you can take to ensure that you are inspired every single day. The folks over at 24Slides  have compiled an infographic with 12 useful tips on how you can  stay inspired every day. Check the infographic out below:

A Critical Analysis of the Husbands' Authoritarian Perception About Research Paper

A Critical Analysis of the Husbands' Authoritarian Perception About Their Wives as Babies Incapable of Walking the Path of Life - Research Paper Example These authors attempt to propound that the social institutions of marriage and family are structured in such a patriarchal manner that these institutions themselves advocates for the husbands’ superiority perpetuating the inferiority and subservience of the wives. In such patriarchy-shaped institution, even the most passionate relationship allows little scopes for the women to have their ‘say’, since male-lust and carnal hungers remain disguised under the facades of love and passion. Both Gilman and Chopin’s are loved, and then toyed as a petulant baby that is capable of nothing, but of creating childish nuisance for their husbands. Both Desiree’s and the protagonist of Gilman’s story husbands appear to be authoritarian patriarchal figures that strictly exert their restrictive authority over their wives. The slight difference between Armand’s (Desiree’s husband) and John’s (Jane’s husband) authorities is that wherea s John’s sincere restriction imposed upon Jane pushes her towards horrible psychological transformation, Armand abandons Desiree considering her as a sex-machine that has failed to produce his desired result. Like most other feminists in the 19th Century Gilman attempts to dig up the root of patriarchy built in the familiar structure of the social institution of family. Indeed Gilman has challenged this patriarchal attitude towards women as a child with psychological deficits. Thrailkill Fagan Jane notes that Gilman’s story originates in her own experience as he says, â€Å"the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell [Gilman’s husband], and convince him of the error of his ways† (47). In the very first place she has put the traditional husband-wife relationship in the conventional marital institution, into question, which is commonly acknowledged as healthy and hailed as the safest place for women after their marriage. In the story, Gi lman propounds that a type of superiority complex of the patriarchal authority of the male dominated society lies in there beneath this apparently universal aspect of a husband’s love or care for his wife. Scrutinizing John’s (a proper noun denoting commonly the male counterpart of a marital bond) caring activities from a woman’s perspective, she rather vindicates that women like Jane are not active and equal participants in the love-game with their husbands like John. In most cases, women are no match for their male counterparts in this husband-wife love game. Rather they are considered as the most delicate, the weakest, the most fragile and incapable of walking through the path of life on their own; therefore like a baby, they are to be tended delicately, to be cosseted and pampered by their husbands. Gilman further shows that such love and care of a husband, indeed, linger a woman’s inferiority in her household by delaying her maturity. In cases it det eriorates a woman’s psychological condition often pushing her to the verge of insanity. But in the â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Chopin has approached towards the traditional concept of love and passion between a husband and a wife from a different angle. For her, the terms â€Å"love† and â€Å"passion† are ultimately the productions, of patriarchy, which are intended to keep the male-lust and male-desire under the mask of euphemism. In the traditional husband-wife relationship, love is ultimately means of male exploitation. (Wolff 45-46) But this love, the mask of male-lust, gets dissolved when confronted with major choices of life. First Armand